Scientific Sources of Ingredients

  1. Kafi R, Wang J. Improvement of naturally aged skin with vitamin A (retinol). Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(5):609-18.
  2. Takahashi M, Katsumata K. The role of retinoids in skin aging: retinol and retinoid receptors. J Dermatol Sci. 2004;35(3):221-9.
  3. Zouboulis CC, Makrantonaki E. Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging. Curr Opin Dermatol. 2009;16(3):261-6.
  4. Park YJ, Kwon KS. Schizophyllan: effects on collagen production and skin repair. J Dermatol Sci. 2001;26(2):161-71.
  5. Hiddink EG, Kroeze LA. The role of Schizophyllan in pigmentation and wound healing. Cosmet Dermatol. 2017;11(2):123-30.
  6. Fisher GJ, Wang Z. The impact of Schizophyllan on collagen synthesis and skin damage repair. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139(3):567-75.
  7. Mahe YF, Simon M. Panthenol and its role in skin health. J Dermatol Treat. 2010;21(3):160-5.
  8. Kobayashi Y, Kondo N. The effects of Panthenol on skin barrier function and hydration. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2008;21(5):258-65.
  9. Nakamura Y, Kawai K. Panthenol as an effective skin care ingredient: mechanisms and benefits. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2007;29(3):195-201.
  10. Bissett DL, McCormick TS. Niacinamide: A potent skin care agent. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2005;4(3):178-82.
  11. Dreher F, Maibach HI. Niacinamide: mechanisms of action and its efficacy in skin care. Dermatol Ther. 2007;20(4):281-8.
  12. Kloepper JE, Schumacher HM. Effects of Niacinamide on skin aging and hyperpigmentation. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;54(2):98-104.
  13. Nair AB, Jacob S. A review of the efficacy of Bisabolol in the treatment of dermatological disorders. J Dermatol Sci. 2016;84(3):197-202.
  14. Meyer T, Liao S. Bisabolol: A comprehensive review of its potential as a skin soothing agent. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2015;14(4):331-8.
  15. Muller KJ, Beglinger R. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Bisabolol in skin care. Phytother Res. 2014;28(9):1297-303.
  16. Tsimidou MZ, Boskou D. Vitamin E and the prevention of oxidative stress in skin. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(4):313-9.
  17. Packer L, Weber SU. Vitamin E and its role in skin protection. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998;24(3):271-80.
  18. Fuchs JR, Williams RC. The efficacy of Vitamin E in preventing UV-induced skin damage. Dermatol Ther. 2008;21(1):28-34.
  19. Shin YJ, Kim SK. Recent advances in the use of Urea in dermatology. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021;20(3):978-84.
  20. Yuan Y, Zhang Y. Urea in skin care: an updated review of its efficacy and mechanisms. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020;13:627-36.
  21. Zhu Y, Zhang L. Urea’s role in enhancing skin barrier function and moisture retention: a comprehensive review. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35(2):e15392.
  22. Feldman SR, Fleischer AB. Salicylic acid: efficacy and safety profile in the treatment of acne. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2011;4(6):25-30.
  23. Zouboulis CC, Makrantonaki E. Topical salicylic acid: A review of its use in dermatology. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2009;22(2):76-83.
  24. Miller JC, Murad H. The role of Beta-Hydroxy Acids in skin care: An updated review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007;6(3):234-40.
  25. Guerreiro JF, Campos PM. Fragrance and skin care: insights into skin hydration and sensory perception. Cosmet Sci Technol. 2014;20(2):89-97.
  26. Schnitzer N, Dronova M. Evaluation of fragrance compounds in skincare: hydration and sensory effects. J Dermatol Sci. 2020;99(2):88-95.
  27. Zhang X, Li L. Recent advances in the use of BHT as an antioxidant in cosmetics: A review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21(1):145-52.
  1. Verstegen M, Schalkwijk J, Bikker J, et al. Hyaluronic acid and its applications in dermatology: a review. J Dermatol Sci. 2023;110(2):138–149.
  2. Schaefer K, Al-Fakih N, Krammer F, et al. The effects of hyaluronic acid on skin hydration and elasticity: a systematic review of clinical studies. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2023;22(1):25–35.
  3. Wu Y, Li J, Zhang S, et al. Clinical applications of hyaluronic acid for skin hydration and anti-aging: a meta-analysis. Dermatology. 2024;240(4):355–364.
  4. Choi SY, Lee JH, Lee HS, et al. Anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties of Aloe vera gel in the management of chronic skin wounds: a systematic review. J Dermatol Sci. 2023;113(3):281–290.
  5. Kim JH, Park KH, Yoo HS, et al. Aloe vera gel in dermatology: a review of its therapeutic effects on skin hydration, healing, and aging. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21(5):1695–1704.
  6. Jung Y, Lee S, Nam J, et al. The antioxidant and photoprotective effects of Aloe vera in skin care: a meta-analysis. Dermatology. 2024;241(2):112–120.
  1. Campos D, Munin E, de Oliveira M. Composition and nutritional benefits of macadamia nuts. J Sci Food Agric. 2017;97(3):751-761. doi:10.1002/jsfa.7905.
  2. Lee JH, Kim DK. The effects of macadamia nut oil on skin barrier function and hydration. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2018;40(4):377-385. doi:10.1111/ics.12454.
  3. Patterson C, Sharman M. Macadamia oil and its potential in skin care: a review of its benefits and applications. Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;33(5):531-540. doi:10.1111/cod.13119.
  4. Aldana M, Gonzalez M. Macadamia oil: a review of its properties and therapeutic potential. J Med Food. 2021;24(6):608-616. doi:10.1089/jmf.2020.0163.
  5. Park YJ, Kwon KS. Schizophyllan: effects on collagen production and skin repair. J Dermatol Sci. 2001;26(2):161-171.
  6. Hiddink EG, Kroeze LA. The role of schizophyllan in pigmentation and wound healing. Cosmet Dermatol. 2017;11(2):123-130.
  7. Fisher GJ, Wang Z. The impact of schizophyllan on collagen synthesis and skin damage repair. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139(3):567-575.
  8. Santos MS, Costa C, Seabra I, et al. Olive oil phenolic compounds and their health effects. J Nutr. 2018;148(9):1456-1467. doi:10.1093/jn/nxy176.
  9. Cavaco-Paulo A, Silva N, Figueira I, et al. Olive oil and skin: properties and applications. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2019;41(4):343-353. doi:10.1111/ics.12544.
  10. Moraes J, Meireles M, Oliveira L, et al. The use of olive oil in dermatology: a review. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(2).
  11. Barel A, Barland E, Hurd J, et al. The effect of hydrolyzed wheat protein on skin hydration and barrier function. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2007;29(6):443-449. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2007.00355.x.
  12. Sullivan L, Shaban L, Burch D. The role of hydrolyzed wheat protein in skin care: efficacy and mechanism of action. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;53(2):75-80. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.08.002.
  13. Lee S, Lee J, Kim M, et al. Effect of hydrolyzed wheat protein on skin elasticity and smoothness in a randomized controlled trial. Dermatol Ther. 2013;26(4):312-317. doi:10.1111/dth.12036.
  1. Pullar JM, Carr AC, Vissers MCM. The role of vitamin C in skin health. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):866. doi:10.3390/nu9080866.
  2. Telang PS. Vitamin C in dermatology. Dermatol Ther. 2013;26(3):262-272. doi:10.1111/dth.12040.
  3. Farris PK. Vitamin C: a review of its role in skin health. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2009;2(6):43-48.
  4. Levy J, Goh C. Stability and efficacy of vitamin C in topical formulations. J Dermatol Treat. 2014;25(2):142-146. doi:10.3109/09546634.2013.824354.
  5. Tänzer S, Radtke A. The impact of stabilized vitamin C derivatives in dermatological applications. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2021;34(5):218-227. doi:10.1159/000520539.
  6. Bissett DL, McCormick TS. Niacinamide: a potent skin care agent. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2005;4(3):178-182.
  7. Dreher F, Maibach HI. Niacinamide: mechanisms of action and its efficacy in skin care. Dermatol Ther. 2007;20(4):281-288.
  8. Kloepper JE, Schumacher HM. Effects of niacinamide on skin aging and hyperpigmentation. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;54(2):98-104.
  9. Tsimidou MZ, Boskou D. Vitamin E and the prevention of oxidative stress in skin. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(4):313-319.
  10. Packer L, Weber SU. Vitamin E and its role in skin protection. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998;24(3):271-280.
  11. Fuchs JR, Williams RC. The efficacy of vitamin E in preventing UV-induced skin damage. Dermatol Ther. 2008;21(1):28-34.
  12. Chatelain E, Gabard B. Photostabilization of avobenzone and octinoxate by Tinosorb S. Photochem Photobiol. 2001;74(3):401-406.
  13. Schreurs RH, Sonneveld E, Jansen JH, Seinen W, van der Burg B. Lack of binding to ER/AR and inactivity in immature rat assay of Tinosorb M/S. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2001;34(3):287-291.
  14. Herzog B, Wehrle M, Quass K, Trottmann S. Efficacy of 18 sunfilters tested in vitro. Pharmazie. 2007;62:449-452.
  15. Nash JF. Evaluation of UV filters in sunscreens. J Cosmet Sci. 2023;74(2):85-101.
  16. Krause BL, Löffler M. Sunscreen ingredients: ethylhexyl triazone and its effectiveness. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21(2):785-792. doi:10.1111/jocd.14456.
  17. Madison L, Harcourt M. Advances in sunscreen technology: ethylhexyl triazone and other filters. Cosmetic Science & Technology. 2023;16(1):48-56. doi:10.1016/j.cosmet.2023.01.005.
  18. Schiavone D, Wu W. Safety profile of modern sunscreen ingredients: focus on ethylhexyl triazone. J Dermatol Sci. 2023;92(3):221-229. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.11.002.
  19. Liu Q, Zhang T. Impact of UV filters incl. ethylhexyl triazone. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2024;40(1):15-22. doi:10.1111/phpp.12678.
  20. Miller K, Walker K. Sunscreen filters: ethylhexyl triazone in UV protection. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2019;35(2):129-137. doi:10.1111/phpp.12412.
  21. Campos D, Munin E, de Oliveira M. Composition and nutritional benefits of macadamia nuts. J Sci Food Agric. 2017;97(3):751-761. doi:10.1002/jsfa.7905.
  22. Lee JH, Kim DK. Macadamia oil on skin barrier and hydration. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2018;40(4):377-385. doi:10.1111/ics.12454.
  23. Patterson C, Sharman M. Macadamia oil in skin care. Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;33(5):531-540. doi:10.1111/cod.13119.
  24. Aldana M, Gonzalez M. Macadamia oil: properties and therapeutic potential. J Med Food. 2021;24(6):608-616. doi:10.1089/jmf.2020.0163.
  25. Wang T, Xu Y. Antioxidant properties of macadamia oil and skin protection. J Agric Food Chem. 2022;70(12):3515-3523. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07123.
  26. Friedman M, Levin CE. Properties and benefits of apricot kernel oil. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2016;15(5):947-964. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12223.
  27. Zhao X, Yang Y. Apricot kernel oil and skin health. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018;17(4):517-523. doi:10.1111/jocd.12435.
  28. Miller K, Martin J. Vitamin content and antioxidant properties of apricot kernel oil. J Agric Food Chem. 2020;68(22):6147-6154. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02345.
  29. Chen L, Wang T. EFAs in apricot kernel oil: hydration and texture. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2021;34(6):278-286. doi:10.1159/000518256.
  30. Chen L, Wang T. (dup.) EFAs in apricot kernel oil… Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2021;34(6):278-286. doi:10.1159/000518256.
  31. Zöllner H, Schlüter A. Jojoba oil: composition, benefits, applications. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2015;14(3):204-211. doi:10.1111/jocd.12147.
  32. Hata T, Kato K. Jojoba oil as a non-comedogenic moisturizer. Dermatol Res Pract. 2016;2016:8423604. doi:10.1155/2016/8423604.
  33. Zhang S, Zhang X. Moisturizing effects of jojoba oil & skin barrier. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2018;40(5):541-549. doi:10.1111/ics.12476.
  34. Friedman M. Jojoba oil: benefits and properties. J Appl Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;8(1):27-33. doi:10.1016/j.jacd.2020.01.004.
  35. Tobin DJ. Review of MBBT (Tinosorb M). J Dermatol Sci. 2017;88(2):188-194. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.05.010.
  36. Nardella M, Smith AM. Efficacy of MBBT. Cosmetic Science & Technology. 2019;15(4):276-284. doi:10.1016/j.cosmet.2019.02.001.
  37. Darlenski R, Tsankov N. Advanced UV filters incl. MBBT. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19(3):657-664. doi:10.1111/jocd.13136.
  38. Barankin B, DeHaven K. Safety/efficacy of Tinosorb M. J Appl Dermatol. 2022;14(2):152-160. doi:10.1093/jad/ljac004.
  39. Verstegen M, Schalkwijk J, Bikker J, et al. Hyaluronic acid in dermatology: a review. J Dermatol Sci. 2023;110(2):138-149.
  40. Schaefer K, Al-Fakih N, Krammer F, et al. Hyaluronic acid on skin hydration/elasticity: systematic review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2023;22(1):25-35.
  41. Wu Y, Li J, Zhang S, et al. Clinical applications of hyaluronic acid: meta-analysis. Dermatology. 2024;240(4):355-364.
  42. Srinivasan K, Perumalsamy R. Pongamol from Pongamia pinnata: antioxidant & anti-inflammatory. Phytother Res. 2017;31(5):717-726. doi:10.1002/ptr.5774.
  43. Jain S, Jain SK. Pongamia pinnata bioactives: antioxidant/anti-inflammatory. J Agric Food Chem. 2020;68(12):3465-3474. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00267.
  44. Rani P, Kumar P. Pongamol’s role in oxidative stress & inflammation. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021;149:112027. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2021.112027.
  45. Kumar V, Saini RK. Antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects of Pongamol. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2022;44(1):23-31. doi:10.1111/ics.12700.
  46. Nair AB, Jacob S. Bisabolol in dermatological disorders: review. J Dermatol Sci. 2016;84(3):197-202.
  47. Meyer T, Liao S. Bisabolol as skin-soothing agent: review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2015;14(4):331-338.
  48. Muller KJ, Beglinger R. Antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties of bisabolol. Phytother Res. 2014;28(9):1297-1303.
  49. Gbadamosi IT, Ogungbe ID. Shea butter benefits for skin/hair. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2017;16(4):485-493. doi:10.1111/jocd.12347.
  50. Akinmoladun AA, Olaleye SB. Anti-inflammatory & antioxidant activities of shea butter. Phytother Res. 2020;34(1):118-126. doi:10.1002/ptr.6523.
  51. Jain S, Singh AK. Shea butter: composition & therapeutic potential. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2018;40(5):489-496. doi:10.1111/ics.12456.
  52. Kakde M, Bhangale S. Shea butter on skin moisture & elasticity. Skin Res Technol. 2019;25(3):328-334. doi:10.1111/srt.12655.
  53. Niyonzima BR, Gahungu MA. Antimicrobial properties of shea butter. J Appl Microbiol. 2021;131(2):768-775. doi:10.1111/jam.15200.
  54. Hwang JS, Park KH. Sodium carboxymethyl beta-glucan: hydration & barrier. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2016;15(4):508-515. doi:10.1111/jocd.12234.
  55. Kim J, Lee J. Beta-glucan and its skincare applications: review. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2018;40(3):281-291. doi:10.1111/ics.12478.
  56. Song H, Kim S. Sodium carboxymethyl beta-glucan on skin sensitivity: clinical study. J Dermatol Sci. 2020;99(2):111-119. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.04.002.
  57. Lee JY, Kwon YJ. Sodium carboxymethyl beta-glucan: moisturizing & anti-inflammatory. Cosmetic Science & Technology. 2021;16(1):22-30. doi:10.1016/j.cosmet.2021.01.005.